Test ID: BTDMS
Biotinidase Deficiency, BTD Full Gene Analysis
Secondary ID 
A test code used for billing and in test definitions created prior to November 2011
NY State Approved Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.
Useful For Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Second-tier test for confirming biotinidase deficiency (indicated by biochemical testing or newborn screening)
Carrier testing of individuals with a family history of biotinidase deficiency, but disease-causing mutations have not been identified in an affected individual
Special Instructions and Forms Describes specimen collection and preparation information, test algorithms, and other information pertinent to test. Also includes pertinent information and consent forms to be used when requesting a particular test
Method Name A short description of the method used to perform the test
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification/DNA sequencing are utilized to test for the presence of a mutation in the BTD gene.
(PCR is utilized pursuant to a license agreement with Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.)
Reporting Name A shorter/abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test; an abbreviated test name
Specimen Type Describes the specimen type needed for testing
Specimen Required Defines the optimal specimen. This field describes the type of specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing. The volume allows automated processing, fastest throughput and, when indicated, repeat or reflex testing.
Specimen must arrive within 96 hours of draw.
Container/Tube:
Preferred: Lavender top (EDTA) or yellow top (ACD)
Acceptable: Any anticoagulant
Specimen Volume: 3 mL
Collection Instructions:
1. Invert several times to mix blood.
2. Send specimen in original tube.
Forms:
1. New York Clients-Informed consent is required. Please document on the request form or electronic order that a copy is on file. An Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (Supply T576) is available in Special Instructions.
2. Molecular Genetics-Biochemical Disorders Patient Information Sheet (Supply T527) in Special Instructions
3. If not ordering electronically, submit a Molecular Genetics Request Form (Supply T245) with the specimen.
Specimen Minimum Volume Defines the amount of specimen required to perform an assay once, including instrument and container dead space. Submitting the minimum specimen volume makes it impossible to repeat the test or perform confirmatory or perform reflex testing. In some situations, a minimum specimen volume may result in a QNS (quantity not sufficient) result, requiring a second specimen to be collected.
Reject Due To Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected
| Hemolysis | NA |
| Lipemia | NA |
| Icterus | NA |
| Other | NA |
Specimen Stability Information Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the laboratory. Alternate acceptable temperature(s) are also included.
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time |
|---|---|---|
| Varies | Ambient (preferred) | |
| Frozen | ||
| Refrigerated | ||
Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Biotinidase deficiency is an inherited metabolic disease caused by reduced levels of biotinidase, an enzyme that recycles biotin by releasing it from its metabolic product, biocytin, or exogenous dietary proteins. Biotin is a vitamin that serves as a coenzyme for 4 carboxylases that are essential for amino acid catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis. Depletion of free biotin reduces carboxylase activity, resulting in secondary carboxylase deficiency. Depending on the amount of residual biotinidase activity, individuals can have either profound or partial biotinidase deficiency. Age of onset and clinical phenotype vary among individuals. Profound biotinidase deficiency occurs in approximately 1 in 137,000 live births and partial biotinidase deficiency occurs in approximately 1 in 110,000 live births, resulting in a combined incidence of about 1 in 61,000.
Untreated profound biotinidase deficiency (<10% of normal biotinidase activity) manifests within the first decade of life as seizures, hypotonia, neurosensory hearing loss, respiratory problems, and cutaneous symptoms including skin rash, alopecia, and recurrent viral or fungal infections. Among children and adolescents with profound biotinidase deficiency, clinical features include ataxia, sensorineural hearing loss, developmental delay, and eye problems such as optic neuropathy leading to blindness. Partial biotinidase deficiency (10%-30% of normal biotinidase activity) is associated with a milder clinical presentation, which may include cutaneous symptoms without neurologic involvement.
Treatment with biotin has been successful in both preventing and reversing the clinical features associated with biotinidase deficiency. As a result, biotinidase deficiency is included in most newborn screening programs in order to prevent disease. Biotinidase deficiency exhibits a similar clinical presentation to carboxylase and holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Therefore, measurement of the biotinidase enzyme is required to differentiate between these diseases and ensure proper diagnosis. Newborn screening for biotinidase deficiency involves direct analysis of the biotinidase enzyme from blood spots obtained shortly after birth. This enables early identification of potentially affected individuals and quick follow-up with confirmatory biochemical and molecular testing.
Biotinidase deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, caused by mutations in the biotinidase gene (BTD). The carrier frequency for biotinidase deficiency in the general population is about 1/120. Several common mutations in the BTD gene have been identified, accounting for about 60% of affected individuals. Sequencing of the entire BTD gene detects other, less common, disease-causing mutations. While genotype-phenotype correlations are not well established, it appears that certain mutations are associated with profound biotinidase deficiency, while others are associated with partial deficiency.
The recommended first-tier test to screen for biotinidase deficiency is a biochemical test that measures biotinidase enzyme activity, either newborn screening or BIOTS/88205, Biotinidase, Serum. Molecular tests form the basis of confirmatory or carrier testing. Individuals with decreased enzyme activity are more likely to have 2 identifiable mutations in the BTD gene by molecular genetic testing.
Reference Values Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
An interpretive report will be provided.
Interpretation Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
An interpretative report will be provided.
Cautions Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
A small percentage of individuals who are carriers or have a diagnosis of biotinidase deficiency may have a mutation that is not identified by this method (eg, large genomic deletions, promoter mutations). The absence of a mutation(s), therefore, does not eliminate the possibility of positive carrier status or the diagnosis of biotinidase deficiency. For carrier testing, it is important to first document the presence of a BTD gene mutation in an affected family member.
In some cases, DNA alterations of undetermined significance may be identified.
Test results should be interpreted in the context of clinical findings, family history, and other laboratory data. Errors in our interpretation of results may occur if information given is inaccurate or incomplete.
Rare polymorphisms exist that could lead to false-negative or false-positive results. If results obtained do not match the clinical findings, additional testing should be considered.
A previous bone marrow transplant from an allogenic donor will interfere with testing. Call Mayo Medical Laboratories for instructions for testing patients who have received a bone marrow transplant.
Clinical Reference Provides recommendations for further in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. Kaye CI, Committee on Genetics, Accurso F, et al: Newborn screening fact sheets. Pediatrics 2006 Sep;118(3):e934-963
2. Moslinger D, Muhl A, Suormala T, et al: Molecular characterization and neuropsychological outcome of 21 patients with profound biotinidase deficiency detected by newborn screening and family studies. Eur J Pediatr 2003 Dec;162 Suppl 1:S46-49 Epub 2003 Nov 20
3. Nyhan WL, Barshop B, Ozand PT: Multiple carboxylase deficiency/biotinidase deficiency. In Altas of Metabolic Diseases. Second edition. New York, Oxford University Press, 2005 pp 42-48
4. Wolf B, Jensen KP, Barshop B, et al: Biotinidase deficiency: novel mutations and their biochemical and clinical correlates. Hum Mutat 2005 Apr;25(4):413
Method Description Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference
DNA sequencing is utilized to test for the presence of a mutation in all 4 exons of the BTD gene.(Unpublished Mayo method)
Day(s) and Time(s) Test Performed Outlines the days and times the test is performed. This field reflects the day and time the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time required before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means assays are performed several times during the day.
Monday; 10 a.m.
Analytic Time Defines the amount of time it takes the laboratory to setup and perform the test. This is defined in number of days. The shortest interval of time expressed is "same day/1 day," which means the results may be available the same day that the sample is received in the testing laboratory. One day means results are available 1 day after the sample is received in the laboratory.
Maximum Laboratory Time Defines the maximum time from specimen receipt at Mayo Medical Laboratories until the release of the test result
Specimen Retention Time Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded
Performing Laboratory Location The location of the laboratory that performs the test
Test Classification Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer's instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR), Investigation Use Only (IUO) product, or a Research Use Only (RUO) product.
CPT Code Information Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Medical Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.
81404-BTD (biotinidase) (eg, biotinidase deficiency), full gene sequence
LOINC® Code Information Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the result codes returned for this test or profile.
| Result ID | Reporting Name | LOINC Code |
|---|---|---|
| 27424 | Specimen | 31208-2 |
| 27425 | Specimen ID | N/A |
| 27426 | Source | N/A |
| 27427 | Order Date | N/A |
| 27428 | Reason For Referral | 42349-1 |
| 27429 | Method | In Process |
| 27430 | Result | 53845-4 |
| 27431 | Interpretation | 69047-9 |
| 27432 | Amendment | In Process |
| 27433 | Reviewed By | N/A |
| 27434 | Release Date | N/A |
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