Test ID: ZONI
Zonisamide, Serum
Secondary ID 
A test code used for billing and in test definitions created prior to November 2011
NY State Approved Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.
Useful For Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Monitoring zonisamide therapy; recommended for all patients to ensure appropriate dosing
Assessing compliance
Method Name A short description of the method used to perform the test
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Reporting Name A shorter/abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test; an abbreviated test name
Aliases Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching
Specimen Type Describes the specimen type needed for testing
Specimen Required Defines the optimal specimen. This field describes the type of specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing. The volume allows automated processing, fastest throughput and, when indicated, repeat or reflex testing.
Container/Tube: Red top
Specimen Volume: 2 mL
Specimen Minimum Volume Defines the amount of specimen required to perform an assay once, including instrument and container dead space. Submitting the minimum specimen volume makes it impossible to repeat the test or perform confirmatory or perform reflex testing. In some situations, a minimum specimen volume may result in a QNS (quantity not sufficient) result, requiring a second specimen to be collected.
Reject Due To Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected
| Hemolysis | Mild OK; Gross reject |
| Lipemia | Mild OK; Gross reject |
| Icterus | Mild OK; Gross reject |
| Other | NA |
Specimen Stability Information Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the laboratory. Alternate acceptable temperature(s) are also included.
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time |
|---|---|---|
| Serum Red | Refrigerated (preferred) | 14 days |
| Ambient | 14 days | |
| Frozen | 14 days |
Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Zonisamide (Zonegran) is approved as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures refractory to therapy with traditional anticonvulsants. Zonisamide is the pharmacologically active agent; metabolites are not active. Essentially 100% of the zonisamide dose is absorbed. Zonisamide binds to erythrocytes; approximately 88% of circulating zonisamide is bound in erythrocytes. Because the erythrocyte-bound zonisamide is inactive, and binding varies with blood concentration, the relationship between serum level and dose is not linear. Time to peak zonisamide concentration is 2 to 4 hours; time to peak is delayed by co-administration with food to 4 to 6 hours. Zonisamide is metabolized by N-acetyl transferase (NAT1), cytochrome P4503A4 (CyP3A4), and uridine diphosphate glucuronidation (UDPG). Zonisamide is eliminated in the urine predominantly as the parent drug (35%), N-acetyl zonisamide (15%), and as the glucuronide ester of reduced zonisamide (50%). Co-administration of drugs that affect NAT1, CyP3A4, and UDPG activity, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, will decrease zonisamide concentration.
A typical zonisamide dose administered to an adult is 400 to 600 mg/day, administered in 2 divided doses. The apparent volume of distribution of zonisamide is 1.5 L/kg. Approximately 40% of the zonisamide circulating in the serum is bound to proteins. Zonisamide protein binding is unaffected by other common anticonvulsant drugs. The elimination half-life from plasma is 50 to 60 hours; the elimination half-life from erythrocytes is >100 hours. Since zonisamide is cleared predominantly by the kidney, the daily dosage of zonisamide given to patients with creatinine clearance <20 mL/min should be reduced.(1,2)
Serum level monitoring is recommended for all patients to ensure appropriate dosing because: 1) patient response correlates with serum level, 2) serum level does not correlate with dose because of concentration-dependent erythrocyte binding, 3) elimination is affected by co-administration of drugs that affect NAT1, CyP3A4, and UDPG, and 4) renal function affects elimination.
The most common toxicity associated with excessive serum level is drowsiness. Adverse effects not related to serum level include rash, increased serum creatinine and alkaline phosphatase, kidney stone formation, and bruising.
Reference Values Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
10-40 mcg/mL
Interpretation Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Steady-state zonisamide concentration in a trough specimen drawn just before next dose correlates with patient response, but not with dose. Optimal response to zonisamide occurs when trough zonisamide concentration is in the range of 10 to 40 mcg/mL. Peak serum concentration for zonisamide occurs 2 to 6 hours after dose, and time to peak is affected by food intake.
Because carbamazepine activates glucuronidation, patients taking carbamazepine concomitantly with zonisamide have significantly lower zonisamide concentrations compared to patients on the same dose not receiving carbamazepine.
Cautions Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Rufinamide is a known interference of this assay. Patients who are co-administered zonisamide and rufinamide may have falsely elevated and uninterpretable zonisamide concentrations reported by this assay.
Serum zonisamide will be increased with hemolysis.
Clinical Reference Provides recommendations for further in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. Perucca E: The clinical pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 1999;40(Suppl 9):S7-S13
2. Marson AG, Hutton JL, Leach JP, et al: Levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, remacemide and zonisamide for drug resistant localization-related epilepsy: a systematic review. Epilepsy Res 2001 Sep;46(3):259-270
3. Benedetti MS: Enzyme introduction and inhibition by new antiepileptic drugs: a review of human studies. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2000 Jul-Aug;14(4):301-319
4. Kawada K, Itoh A, Kusaka T, et al: Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide in perinatal period. Brain Dev 2002 Mar;24[2]:95-97
Method Description Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Day(s) and Time(s) Test Performed Outlines the days and times the test is performed. This field reflects the day and time the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time required before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means assays are performed several times during the day.
Monday through Thursday
Analytic Time Defines the amount of time it takes the laboratory to setup and perform the test. This is defined in number of days. The shortest interval of time expressed is "same day/1 day," which means the results may be available the same day that the sample is received in the testing laboratory. One day means results are available 1 day after the sample is received in the laboratory.
Maximum Laboratory Time Defines the maximum time from specimen receipt at Mayo Medical Laboratories until the release of the test result
Specimen Retention Time Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded
Performing Laboratory Location The location of the laboratory that performs the test
Test Classification Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer's instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR), Investigation Use Only (IUO) product, or a Research Use Only (RUO) product.
CPT Code Information Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Medical Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.
80299
LOINC® Code Information Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the result codes returned for this test or profile.
| Result ID | Reporting Name | LOINC Code |
|---|---|---|
| 83685 | Zonisamide, S | 29620-2 |
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