Test ID: AMYL
Amyloidosis, Transthyretin-Associated Familial, DNA Sequence, Blood
Secondary ID 
A test code used for billing and in test definitions created prior to November 2011
NY State Approved Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.
Useful For Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Diagnosis of adult individuals suspected of having transthyretin-associated familial amyloidosis
Testing Algorithm Delineates situation(s) when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
See Amyloidosis (Familial) Test Algorithm in Special Instructions.
Special Instructions and Forms Describes specimen collection and preparation information, test algorithms, and other information pertinent to test. Also includes pertinent information and consent forms to be used when requesting a particular test
Method Name A short description of the method used to perform the test
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplification/DNA Sequencing
(PCR is utilized pursuant to a license agreement with Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.)
Reporting Name A shorter/abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test; an abbreviated test name
Aliases Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching
TTR (Transthyretin) Gene
Specimen Type Describes the specimen type needed for testing
Specimen Required Defines the optimal specimen. This field describes the type of specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing. The volume allows automated processing, fastest throughput and, when indicated, repeat or reflex testing.
Specimen must arrive within 96 hours of draw.
Specimen Type: Whole blood
Container/Tube:
Preferred: Lavender top (EDTA) or yellow top (ACD)
Acceptable: Any anticoagulant
Specimen Volume: 3 mL
Collection Instructions:
1. Invert several times to mix blood.
2. Send specimen in original tube.
Forms:
1. Molecular Genetics-Congenital Inherited Diseases Patient Information Sheet (Supply T521) in Special Instructions
2. New York Clients-Informed consent is required. Please document on the request form or electronic order that a copy is on file. An Informed Consent for Genetic Testing (Supply T576) is available in Special Instructions.
3. If not ordering electronically, submit a Molecular Genetics Request Form (Supply T245) with the specimen.
Specimen Minimum Volume Defines the amount of specimen required to perform an assay once, including instrument and container dead space. Submitting the minimum specimen volume makes it impossible to repeat the test or perform confirmatory or perform reflex testing. In some situations, a minimum specimen volume may result in a QNS (quantity not sufficient) result, requiring a second specimen to be collected.
Reject Due To Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected
| Hemolysis | NA |
| Lipemia | NA |
| Icterus | NA |
| Other | NA |
Specimen Stability Information Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the laboratory. Alternate acceptable temperature(s) are also included.
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time |
|---|---|---|
| Varies | Ambient (preferred) | |
| Frozen | ||
| Refrigerated | ||
Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
The systemic amyloidoses are a number of disorders of varying etiology characterized by extracellular protein deposition. The most common form is an acquired amyloidosis secondary to multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) in which the amyloid is composed of immunoglobulin light chains. In addition to light chain amyloidosis, there are a number of acquired amyloidoses caused by the misfolding and precipitation of a wide variety of proteins. There are also hereditary forms of amyloidosis. Due to the clinical overlap between the acquired and hereditary forms, it is imperative to determine the specific type of amyloidosis in order to provide an accurate prognosis and consider appropriate therapeutic interventions.
The most common hereditary amyloidosis is familial transthyretin amyloidosis; an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the transthyretin (TTR) gene. The resulting amino acid substitutions lead to a relatively unstable, amyloidogenic TTR protein. Most individuals begin to exhibit clinical symptoms between the third and seventh decades of life. Typically, TTR-associated amyloidosis is progressive over a course of 5 to 15 years and the most common cause of death is cardiomyopathy. Affected individuals may present with a variety of symptoms, including peripheral neuropathy, blindness, cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, autonomic nervous dysfunction, or bowel dysfunction.
More than 90 mutations have now been identified within the TTR gene which cause TTR-associated familial amyloidosis. Most of the mutations described to date are single base pair changes that result in an amino acid substitution. Some of these mutations correlate with the clinical presentation of amyloidosis. However, several different mutations have been identified which exhibit considerable clinical overlap.
It is important to note that this assay does not detect mutations associated with non-TTR forms of familial amyloidosis. Therefore, it is important to first test an affected family member to determine if TTR is involved and to document a specific mutation in the family before testing at risk individuals.
Reference Values Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
An interpretive report will be provided.
Interpretation Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
An interpretive report will be provided.
Cautions Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
A small percentage of individuals who are carriers or have a diagnosis of transthyretin (TTR)-associated amyloidosis may have a mutation that is not identified by this method (eg, large genomic deletions, promoter mutations). The absence of a mutation, therefore, does not eliminate the possibility of positive carrier status or the diagnosis of TTR-associated amyloidosis. For carrier testing, it is important to first document the presence of a TTR gene mutation in an affected family member.
In some cases, DNA alterations of undetermined significance may be identified.
Rare polymorphisms exist that could lead to false-negative or false-positive results. If results obtained do not match the clinical findings, additional testing should be considered.
A previous bone marrow transplant from an allogenic donor will interfere with testing. Call Mayo Medical Laboratories for instructions for testing patients who have received a bone marrow transplant.
Test results should be interpreted in the context of clinical findings, family history, and other laboratory data. Errors in our interpretation of results may occur if information given is inaccurate or incomplete.
Mutations in other genes, such as lysozyme, apolipoprotein AII, gelsolin, and others, have been shown to cause other forms of familial amyloidosis. Abnormalities in these genes are not detected by this assay.
Supportive Data
DNA sequence analysis was performed on 196 specimens (17 patients with a known transthyretin mutation, 48 patients tested by mass spectrometry, 91 patients with amyloidosis, and 40 normal individuals).
Clinical Reference Provides recommendations for further in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. Benson MD: The hereditary amyloidoses. Best Pract Res Clin Rhematol 2003;17:909-927
2. Eneqvist T, Sauer-Eriksson AE: Structural distribution of mutations associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy in human transthyretin. Amyloid 2001;8:149-168
3. Connors LH, Lim A, Prokaeva VA, et al: Tabulation of human transthyretin (TTR) variants, 2003. Amyloid 2003;10:160-184
Method Description Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference
All 4 exons of the thransthyretin (TTR) gene are amplified by PCR and then subjected to direct DNA sequence analysis. (Bergen RH 3rd, Zeldenrust SR, Butz ML, et al: Identification of transthyretin variants by sequential proteomic and genomic analysis. Clin Chem 2004;50:1544-1552)
Day(s) and Time(s) Test Performed Outlines the days and times the test is performed. This field reflects the day and time the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time required before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means assays are performed several times during the day.
Thursday; 10 a.m.
Analytic Time Defines the amount of time it takes the laboratory to setup and perform the test. This is defined in number of days. The shortest interval of time expressed is "same day/1 day," which means the results may be available the same day that the sample is received in the testing laboratory. One day means results are available 1 day after the sample is received in the laboratory.
Maximum Laboratory Time Defines the maximum time from specimen receipt at Mayo Medical Laboratories until the release of the test result
Specimen Retention Time Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded
Performing Laboratory Location The location of the laboratory that performs the test
Test Classification Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer's instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR), Investigation Use Only (IUO) product, or a Research Use Only (RUO) product.
CPT Code Information Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Medical Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.
81404-TTR (transthyretin) (eg, familial transthyretin amyolidosis), full gene sequence
LOINC® Code Information Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the result codes returned for this test or profile.
| Result ID | Reporting Name | LOINC Code |
|---|---|---|
| 22635 | Specimen | 31208-2 |
| 22636 | Specimen ID | N/A |
| 22637 | Source | N/A |
| 22638 | Order Date | N/A |
| 22639 | Reason For Referral | 42349-1 |
| 22640 | Method | In Process |
| 22641 | Result | 21674-7 |
| 22642 | Interpretation | 69047-9 |
| 22643 | Amendment | In Process |
| 22644 | Reviewed By: | N/A |
| 22645 | Release Date | N/A |
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