Test ID: ARBOP
Arbovirus Antibody Panel, IgG and IgM, Serum

Aiding the diagnosis of arboviral (California [LaCrosse], St. Louis encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, and Western equine encephalitis virus) encephalitis

Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)

Container/Tube:

Preferred: Red top

Acceptable: Serum gel

Specimen Volume: 0.5 mL

California (LaCrosse) virus:

California (LaCrosse) virus is a member of bunyaviridae and is 1 of the arthropod-borne encephalitides. It is transmitted by various Aedes and Culex mosquitoes and is found in such intermediate hosts as the rabbit, squirrel, chipmunk, and field mouse. California meningoencephalitis is usually mild and occurs in late summer. Ninety percent of infections are seen in children less than 15 years of age, usually from rural areas. The incubation period is estimated to be 7 days and acute illness lasts 10 days or less in most instances. Typically, the first symptoms are nonspecific, last 1 to 3 days, and are followed by the appearance of central nervous system (CNS) signs and symptoms such as stiff neck, lethargy, and seizures, which usually abate within 1 week. Symptomatic infection is almost never recognized in those over 18 years old. The most important sequelae of California virus encephalitis is epilepsy, which occurs in about 10% of children; almost always in patients who have had seizures during the acute illness. A few patients (estimated 2%) have persistent paresis. Learning disabilities or other objective cognitive deficits have been reported in a small proportion (no more than 2%) of patients. Learning performance and behavior of most recovered patients are not distinguishable from comparison groups in these same areas.

Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE):

EEE is within the alphavirus group. It is a low prevalence cause of human disease in the eastern and Gulf Coast states. EEE is maintained by a cycle of mosquito/wild bird transmission, peaking in the summer and early fall, when man may become an adventitious host. The most common clinically apparent manifestation is a mild undifferentiated febrile illness, usually with headache. CNS involvement is demonstrated in only a minority of infected individuals, it is more abrupt and more severe than with other arboviruses, with children being more susceptible to severe disease. Fatality rates are approximately 70%.

St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE):

Areas of outbreaks of SLE since 1933 have involved the western United States, Texas, the Ohio-Mississippi Valley, and Florida. The vector of transmission is the mosquito. Peak incidence occurs in summer and early autumn. Disease onset is characterized by generalized malaise, fever, chills, headache, drowsiness, nausea, and sore throat or cough followed in 1 to 4 days by meningeal and neurologic signs. The severity of illness increases with advancing age; persons over 60 years have the highest frequency of encephalitis. Symptoms of irritability, sleeplessness, depression, memory loss, and headaches can last up to 3 years.

Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE):

The virus that causes WEE is widely distributed throughout the United States and Canada; disease occurs almost exclusively in the western states and Canadian provinces. The relative absence of the disease in the eastern United States probably reflects a paucity of the vector mosquito species, Culex tarsalis, and possibly a lower pathogenicity of local virus strains. The disease usually begins suddenly with malaise, fever, and headache, often with nausea and vomiting. Vertigo, photophobia, sore throat, respiratory symptoms, abdominal pain, and myalgia are also common. Over a few days, the headache intensifies; drowsiness and restlessness may merge into a coma in severe cases. In infants and children, the onset may be more abrupt than for adults. WEE should be suspected in any case of febrile CNS disease from an endemic area. Infants are highly susceptible to CNS disease and about 20% of cases are under 1 year of age. There is an excess of males with WEE clinical encephalitis, averaging about twice the number of infections detected in females. After recovery from the acute disease, patients may require from several months to 2 years to overcome the fatigue, headache, and irritability. Infants and children are at higher risk of permanent brain damage after recovery than adults.

Infections with arboviruses can occur at any age. The age distribution depends on the degree of exposure to the particular transmitting arthropod relating to age, sex, and occupational, vocational, and recreational habits of the individuals. Once humans have been infected, the severity of the host response may be influenced by age. WEE tends to produce the most severe clinical infections in young persons and SLE in older persons. Serious California (LaCrosse) virus infections primarily involve children, especially boys. Adult males exposed to California viruses have high prevalence rates of antibody but usually show no serious illness. Infection among males is primarily due to working conditions and sports activities taking place where the vector is present.

CALIFORNIA VIRUS (La CROSSE) ENCEPHALITIS ANTIBODY

IgG: <1:10

IgM: <1:10 

Reference values apply to all ages.

EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS ANTIBODY

IgG: <1:10

IgM: <1:10 

Reference values apply to all ages.

ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS ANTIBODY

IgG: <1:10

IgM: <1:10 

Reference values apply to all ages.

WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS

IgG: <1:10

IgM: <1:10 

Reference values apply to all ages. 

In patients infected with these or related viruses, IgG antibody is generally detectable with in 1 to 3 weeks of onset, peaking within 1 to 2 months, and declining slowly thereafter.

IgM class antibody is also reliably detected within 1 to 3 weeks of onset, peaking and rapidly declining within 3 months.

A single serum specimen IgG > or =1:10 indicates exposure to the virus.

Results from a single serum specimen can differentiate early (acute) infection from past infection with immunity if IgM is positive (suggests acute infection).

A 4-fold or greater rise in IgG antibody titer in acute and convalescent sera indicate recent infection.

In the United States, it is unusual for any patient to show positive reactions to more than 1 of the arboviral antigens, although Western equine encephalitis and Eastern equine encephalitis antigens will show a noticeable cross-reactivity.

All results must be correlated with clinical history and other data available to the attending physician.

Specimens drawn within the first 2 weeks after onset are variably negative for IgG antibody and should not be used to exclude the diagnosis of arboviral disease. If arboviral infection is suspected, a second specimen should be drawn and tested 10 to 21 days later.

Since cross-reactivity with dengue fever virus does occur with St. Louis encephalitis antigens, and, therefore, cannot be differentiated further. The specific virus responsible for such a titer may be deduced by the travel history of the patient, along with available medical and epidemiological data, unless the virus can be isolated.

Eastern equine encephalitis and Western equine encephalitis viruses show some cross-reactivity; however, antibody response to the infecting virus is typically at least 8-fold higher.

1. Gonzalez-Scarano F, Nathanson N: Bunyaviruses. In Fields Virology. Vol. 1. 2nd edition. Edited by BN Fields, DM Knipe. New York, Raven Press, 1990, pp 1195-1228

2. Donat JF, Hable-Rhodes KH, Groover RV, Smith TF: Etiology and outcome in 42 children with acute nonbacterial meningo-encephalitis. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:156-160

3. Tsai TF: Arboviruses. In Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 7th edition. Edited by PR Murray, EJ Baron, MA Pfaller, et al: Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology, 1999, pp 1107-1124

4. Calisher CH: Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994;7:89-116

Indirect immunofluorescence. Dilutions of test sera are prepared and allowed to react with substrate cells infected with the appropriate arbovirus. If IgG antibodies to this virus are present in the serum of the patient, an antigen-antibody complex will develop that can be detected by a fluorescein-labeled antibody directed to human globulin. (Tsai TF: Arboviruses. In Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 7th  edition. Edited by PR Murray, EJ Baron, MA Pfaller, et al. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology, 1999, pp 1107-1124; Beaty BJ, Casals J, Brown KL, et al: Indirect fluorescent-antibody technique for serological diagnosis of LaCrosse [California] virus infections. J Clin Microbiol 1982;15:429-434)

Monday through Friday; 9 a.m.

86651 x 2-California virus (La Crosse) encephalitis antibody, IgG and IgM

86652 x 2-Eastern equine encephalitis antibody, IgG and IgM

86653 x 2-St. Louis encephalitis antibody, IgG and IgM

86654 x 2-Western equine encephalitis antibody, IgG and IgM