Test ID: PCPRO
Plasma Cell DNA Content and Proliferation, Bone Marrow
NY State Approved 
Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.
Useful For Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Establishing a diagnosis of a plasma cell proliferative disorder
Providing prognostic information for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and other plasma cell proliferative disorders
Assessing response to therapy and detecting disease relapse and progression in treated plasma cell proliferative disorder patients
Determining plasma cell DNA content and proliferation
Additional Tests Lists test(s) that are always performed, at an additional charge, with the initial test(s)
| Test ID | Reporting Name | Available Separately | Always Performed |
|---|---|---|---|
| 88465 | Flow Cytometry Interp, 2-8 Markers | No, (Bill Only) | Yes |
Testing Algorithm Delineates situation(s) when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.
See Laboratory Screening Tests for Suspected Multiple Myeloma in Special Instructions.
Special Instructions and Forms Describes specimen collection and preparation information, test algorithms, and other information pertinent to test. Also includes pertinent information and consent forms to be used when requesting a particular test
Method Name A short description of the method used to perform the test
Flow Cytometry, DNA Cell Cycle Analysis
Reporting Name A shorter/abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test; an abbreviated test name
Aliases Lists additional common names for a test, as an aid in searching
Myeloma Staging
Plasma Cell Staging
Labeling Index
PCLIP
Plasma Cell Labeling Index (PCLI)
Specimen Type Describes the specimen type needed for testing
Specimen Required Defines the optimal specimen. This field describes the type of specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing. The volume allows automated processing, fastest throughput and, when indicated, repeat or reflex testing.
Specimen Type: Redirected bone marrow
Preferred: Yellow top (ACD solution B)
Acceptable: EDTA, Heparin
Specimen Volume: 4 mL
Specimen Stability Information: <72 hours
Additional Information: Include patient's disease state (untreated, treated, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, stable).
Forms: If not ordering electronically, please submit a Hematopathology/Molecular Oncology Request Form (Supply T241) with the specimen.
Specimen Minimum Volume Defines the amount of specimen required to perform an assay once, including instrument and container dead space. Submitting the minimum specimen volume makes it impossible to repeat the test or perform confirmatory or perform reflex testing. In some situations, a minimum specimen volume may result in a QNS (quantity not sufficient) result, requiring a second specimen to be collected.
Reject Due To Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected
| Hemolysis | Mild OK; Gross reject |
| Lipemia | NA |
| Icterus | NA |
| Other | Fully clotted or frozen specimen |
Specimen Stability Information Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the laboratory. Alternate acceptable temperature(s) are also included.
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time |
|---|---|---|
| Bone Marrow | Ambient (preferred) | |
| Refrigerated | ||
Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Plasma cell proliferative disorders are a group of plasma cell derived clonal hematologic neoplasms which exhibit a wide range of biologic activity ranging from monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS), a usually indolent disorder with a low rate of disease progression, to multiple myeloma (MM), a disease that is often aggressive with poor long-term survival. Detecting plasma cell clonality through demonstrating immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain restriction (ie, the presence of either predominately kappa or predominately lambda light chains), supplemented by the plasma cell immunophenotype and DNA index, is an important element in establishing the diagnosis.
It is important to correctly classify patients with plasma cell proliferative disorders as the various disease entities are treated differently. A number of factors are used for this classification including the proportion clonal bone marrow plasma cells, the DNA index of the clonal plasma cells, and their proliferative activity. The plasma cell DNA index and proliferation assessment by flow cytometry are rapid and reliable. This information can be used to distinguish patients with overt, active MM from less aggressive diseases such as MGUS and smoldering MM.
Furthermore, in combination with other laboratory data, the results of these studies can be used to as a measure of disease aggressiveness in newly diagnosed MM and also to determine therapeutic efficacy and detect disease relapse in treated MM patients.
See Laboratory Screening Tests for Suspected Multiple Myeloma in Special Instructions. Also see Diagnosis and Monitoring of Multiple Myeloma in Publications.
Reference Values Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
Plasma Cell Clonality:
Normal bone marrow
No clonal plasma cells detected
DNA Index:
Normal plasma cells
DNA index (G0/G1 cells): Diploid 0.95-1.05
Interpretation Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results
Plasma Cell Clonality:
Plasma cell populations with a kappa to lambda ratio of either >3.9 or <0.5 will be considered either kappa or lambda immunoglobulin light chain restricted (monotypic), respectively. As, in rare instances, immunoglobulin light chain restricted plasma cell populations may be polyclonal at the genetic level, the term monotypic rather than monoclonal plasma cells will be used.
In addition to immunoglobulin light chain expression, other data collected will be used to supplement the detection of abnormal plasma cell populations. In plasma cells, CD19 expression is associated with the presence of benign, polytypic cell populations. Therefore CD19 expression will be used as a secondary element in detecting clonal plasma cells. While loss of plasma cell CD45 expression is associated with neoplasia, CD45 is expressed by both normal and neoplastic plasma cells. Therefore, absence of plasma cell CD45 expression will be used as an aid in detecting abnormal plasma cells. In some plasma cell proliferative disorders there are both CD45-positive and CD45-negative subsets within the clonal cell population, therefore inclusion of antibodies to this antigen allows for more sensitive detection of both subtypes. In addition, as DNA content will be simultaneously assessed, the detection of plasma cell aneuploidy will also serve as a tool for identifying abnormal plasma cell populations. These additional phenotypic tools for identifying abnormal plasma cells will increase the sensitivity of the method beyond examining light chain expression; particularly in biclonal plasma cell proliferative disorders in which there are both kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chain expressing subsets.
DNA Index:
The DNA index of the abnormal plasma cells will be determined by dividing the measured DNA content of the G0/G1 abnormal plasma cells by the DNA content of the normal G0/G1 plasma cells present. For this determination, normal plasma cells are the optimal control cell population due to similarities in nuclear and overall cell size. Plasma cells with a G0/G1 DNA content index of <0.95 will be considered hypodiploid; those with a G0/G1 DNA content index of >1.05 will be considered hyperdiploid. Plasma cells with a DNA index of 1.9 to 2.1 will be considered tetraploid if a confirmatory G2/M population with a DNA index of 4 is identified. As noted above, since normal plasma cells are neither hyper- nor hypodiploid, DNA index will be used as a supplemental tool in detecting clonal plasma cells.
Plasma Cell Proliferation:
The proportion of plasma cells in S-phase will be determined by measuring the proportion of cells with a DNA content between the G0/G1 and G2/M peaks. In some instances, plasma cell proliferation will not be able to be determined by this method; including when there are fewer than 300 abnormal plasma cell events and when there are multiple aneuploid plasma cell populations. In newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, a plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) of > or =3.0 is associated with a more aggressive disease course.(1,2) As there was a 100% concordance between a PCLI of >3.0 and an estimated S-phase of >1.5%, and this value is published standard for identifying plasma cell neoplasms with a high proliferative rate, it will be noted in the report if the estimated S-phase exceeds this value.(3,4)
Cautions Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
In order to provide an adequate specimen, it is important that the marrow specimen be from a "redirect" marrow aspirate. The marrow needle should be redirected so the marrow can be aspirated from a previously unsampled site.
Supportive Data
Clinical Reference Provides recommendations for further in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. Kumar SK, Mikhael JR, Buadi FK, et al: Management of newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma: updated Mayo Stratification of Myeloma and Risk-Adapted Therapy (mSMART) consensus guidelines. Mayo Clin Proc 2009 Dec;84(12):1095-1110
2. Rajkumar SV, Greipp PR: Prognostic factors in multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1999 Dec;13(6):1295-1314
3. Garcia-Sanz R, Gonzalez-Fraile MI, Mateo G, et al: Proliferative activity of plasma cells is the most relevant prognostic factor in elderly multiple myeloma patients. Int J Cancer 2004 Dec 10;112(5):884-889
4. Orfao A, Garcia-Sanz R, Lopez-Berges MC, et al: A new method for the analysis of plasma cell DNA content in multiple myeloma samples using a CD38/propidium iodide double staining technique. Cytometry 1994 Dec 1;17(4):332-339
5. Morice WG, Hanson CA, Kumar S, et al: Novel multi-parameter flow cytometry sensitively detects phenotypically distinct plasma cell subsets in plasma cell proliferative disorders. Leukemia 2007 Sep;21(9):2043-2046
6. Morice WG, Chen D, Kurtin PJ, et al: Novel immunophenotypic features of marrow lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and correlation with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Mod Pathol 2009 Jun;22(6):807-816
Method Description Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference
Flow Cytometry
Day(s) and Time(s) Test Performed Outlines the days and times the test is performed. This field reflects the day and time the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time required before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means assays are performed several times during the day.
Specimens are processed Monday through Sunday and reported Monday through Friday.
Analytic Time Defines the amount of time it takes the laboratory to setup and perform the test. This is defined in number of days. The shortest interval of time expressed is "same day/1 day," which means the results may be available the same day that the sample is received in the testing laboratory. One day means results are available 1 day after the sample is received in the laboratory.
Maximum Laboratory Time Defines the maximum time from specimen receipt at Mayo Medical Laboratories until the release of the test result
Specimen Retention Time Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded
Performing Laboratory Location The location of the laboratory that performs the test
Test Classification Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer's instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR), Investigation Use Only (IUO) product, or a Research Use Only (RUO) product.
CPT Code Information Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Medical Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.
88182-Flow cytometry, cell cycle or DNA analysis
88184-Flow cytometry; first cell surface, cytoplasmic or nuclear marker
88185 x 5-Flow cytometry; additional cell surface, cytoplasmic or nuclear marker (each)
88187-Flow cytometry Interpretation, 2 to 8 Markers
LOINC® Code Information Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the result codes returned for this test or profile.
| Result ID | Reporting Name | LOINC Code |
|---|---|---|
| CK056 | Monotypic Plasma Cells: | In Process |
| CK057 | Monotypic PC per Total Events | In Process |
| CK058 | Monotypic Plasma Cells S-phase | In Process |
| CK059 | Monotypic Plasma Cells DNA Index | In Process |
| CK060 | Monotypic Plasma Cells DNA Ploidy | In Process |
| CK061 | Polytypic PC per Total Events | In Process |
| CK062 | Polytypic PC per All Plasma Cells | In Process |
| CK063 | Final Diagnosis | In Process |
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